The Autobiography Of Malcolm X - 791 Words

Do something about it. Everyone has problems from struggles in life. Malcolm X told his life story of how he overcame in his autobiography simply called The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley. His life changed the world historically, socially, and especially politically by taking a stand against racism of all kinds which still exists in today’s â€Å"modern† standards. Using his personal life experience with racism towards African-Americans, Malcolm spreads the word on equality for all with a realistic tone that inspires trust in him. Malcolm X reaches all kinds of people in an effort to voice his thoughts on equality for all using rhetorical and persuasive techniques for a more effective message. From the beginning, the story Malcolm X tells uses a tone of realism and relatability to establish a dominant impression upon the reader’s mind. An example of this tone is when Malcolm, at a young age, accepts his ultimate fate that had just befallen his f ather. Malcolm tells Alex that â€Å"It has always been my belief that I, too, will die by violence. I have done all that I can to be prepared† (4). The definitiveness he says this with is not an attempt at making readers feel empathy for him, but to appeal to logic by presenting this as a fact of the kind of world he lives in. When Malcolm chooses to state â€Å"die by violence† (4) instead of describing what kind of violence or with more emotion, he gets the reader past the emotional aspect of his belief with this stolid dictionShow MoreRelatedThe Autobiography of Malcolm X729 Words   |  3 PagesLiterary Analysis: The Autobiography of Malcolm X The Autobiography of Malcolm X, told by Alex Haley, details the incredible journey of one of the most inspiration and life altering leaders the world has ever encountered. The book begins with the illustration of Malcolm’s early life experiences and ends with X predicting that he will die a violent death prior to seeing the publication of his autobiography. At the beginning of the book, Haley describes how Malcolm’s father, a Baptist MinisterRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesWho is Malcolm X? Answers tend to vary by person but in the â€Å"Autobiography of Malcolm X†, it really delved into the pivotal details of his life and readers like myself, went on an enthralling metaphorical journey to see the intriguing development of him as a child, a young adult, a convict, a follower, and ultimately a leader. For starters, Malcolm X was not born with the infamous and famous X. His birth name was Malcolm Little and the innocent Malcolm Little was very belittled (pun intended) inRead MoreAutobiography Of Malcolm X1614 Words   |  7 PagesKaykay Zhu October 19, 2017 The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley is an account of Malcolm X’s evolving perspective on racial justice. Malcolm X was a prominent figure in the Nation of Islam who advocated for black nationalism and separatism. The man who became one of America’s most powerful voices for African Americans was deeply affected by the terrors of racism, which shaped his view of social justice and the condemnation of the white man. The way Malcolm X narrates his experiences changesRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley, and Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody sheds light on how principles of ambition, pride, and faith throughout their lives paved individual paths for revolutionary success. Troubling upbringings as seen in both of their lives eventually instilled a drive that ultimately revolutionized America’s perspective of racial equality. Their worldview grows to encompass hum anity as one and is developed alongside their spiritual and cultural inquiryRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pages1 2 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MALCOLM X Introduction Malcolm X?s autobiography written in collaboration with Alex Haley is an exciting story of personality transformation. During several years, Malcolm X told Haley his biography in several extensive interviews. Haley described and orchestrated the stories and Malcolm X edited and endorsed every part of the book. The story is narrated in the first person and it seems like Malcolm was writing this of hisRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1701 Words   |  7 Pagesread the autobiography of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was one of the most controversial Men in American history. I’m familar with the name Malcolm X however, I’m not familliar with the works and background of Malcolm X. This is why I choose to read the autobiography of Malcolm X written by himself and Alex Haley. Which gives the read an insight on his background, beliefs, and the American society then. I believe that many people including myself have misunderstood Malcolm X. I believe that Mal colm X is misunderstoodRead MoreThe Autobiography of Malcolm X535 Words   |  2 Pages The autobiography of Malcolm X is a book that was published in 1965. It is of result of collaboration between human rights activist Mr. Malcolm X and journalist Alex Haley. The book depicts more about Malcolm X’s life, experiences and beliefs. The book again talks about spiritual conversion narrative that outlines Malcolm Xs philosophy of black pride, Black Nationalism. Malcolm was born in May 19th 1925 in Omaha to a family of Earl and Louise Little. The book also explains to us that he inheritatedRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1278 Words   |  6 PagesMalcolm X, born Malcolm Little, is one of the greatest advocates for race in the nation. However, his opinion of the state of racial issues in our country, and what can be done to solve them. Trials throughout Malcolm’s life of personal opinions and events that have occurred have shaped his outlook on the issue. Alex Haley’s autobiography novel, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, reveals Malcolm’s cha nging views on the solution of race in this country through the shaping stages of experiences in hisRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1634 Words   |  7 PagesThe Autobiography of Malcolm X was about one African Americans struggle during a time of extreme racism and discrimination to make a name for himself. Malcolm had many life experiences before tragically being shot and killed. He was a hustler in Harlem, a porter for a railroad, and was eventually a minister for the black Islam movement lead by Elijah Mahammad. Malcolm Little lived a very interesting life to become the man he will be remembered as. Right before Malcolm was born members of the KKKRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1505 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Book Review Book review based on The Autobiography of Malcolm X Introduction: This biography of Malcolm X was a book, which had a purpose of enlightening people on how blacks were treated, it mainly focused on the life of Malcolm and how it affected his life and changed him. Malcolm X is born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska, America. A country where racism is so prevalent that his family frequently gets into a confrontation with the KKK and Black Legion society due to his father being

The Lottery, By Shirley Jackson - 2061 Words

In Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery,† the author demonstrates the loss of the original significance of a tradition that results from people blindly following it. For example, the author makes it blatantly clear in the beginning of the story that The Lottery, the village’s annual ritual, which involves a human sacrifice is beginning to have lesser and lesser symbolic value to the villagers as opposed to when it began due to a lack of understanding in regard to the tradition’s significance. Secondly, Jackson describes how the Lottery has a completely different atmosphere, purpose, and practice due to the fact that it was passed along several generations and had been through several decades of transition, all the while being mindlessly adhered to by every single member of the village. Lastly, the author demonstrates the process in which the village’s annual tradition has been stripped bare, and is merely used to cater to the desires of the village rs. Overall, Shirley Jackson does a wonderful job demonstrating the general process of the results of blindly following popular tradition and celebration in the modern world by characterizing a specific village’s tradition with interesting dialogue and a noteworthy plot. Firstly, the author, in the very beginning of the short story, makes it obvious that The Lottery, the village’s annual tradition, has significantly less value to the villagers as opposed to when the ritual was first practiced. For example, Jackson writes, â€Å"The originalShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Ess entially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Impact on Liabilities Auditing and Assurance Services

Question: Discuss about the Impact on Liabilities Auditing and Assurance Services. Answer: Introduction The recent global financial crisis of 2007-08 has made significant influence on the role of auditing and assurance services that laid considerable changes in the liabilities of auditors. The global financial crisis primarily occurred due to risk taking behavior of top five banks of US. These banks increased financial risk that caused manuapltion in the financial system. The role of investment bank in creating housing and credit bubble in the economy raised several concerns for the liability of auditors (Andenas and Chiu, 2013). Lehman Brothers was fourth largest investment bank in US, which collapsed in financial crisis. This paper includes discussion over the liabilities of auditors after the global financial crisis. In this, research is performed by using several resources such as peer-reviewed journals, internet and books. Through this, the impact of global financial crisis on the responsibilities and liabilities of auditors are analyzed. At last, recommendations are provided for an accounting firm to ensure effective fulfillment of enhanced liabilities. Literature Review Lehman Brothers appointed Ernst Young (EY) for auditing their accounts and financial reports independently. Due to this, EY as independent auditor was responsible for presenting fair opinion regarding the accuracy of financial statements and their ability to present true financial condition of the company. EY was aware about the faulty accounting practices of Lehman Brothers such as Repo 105 and liquidity pool assets. Due to this, the practice of EY was accused in public (Wiggins et al., 2014). It failed to fulfill its duties and responsibilities of presenting true picture of a firms financial state. Due to this, the global financial crisis has considerable impact on the liability of auditors. According to Xu et al., (2013), audit behavior significantly changed in Australia after the global economic crisis. In 2008-09, auditors became more active in terms of providing opinions related to the going concern issue than the period 2005-2007. They have increased their efforts to audit the financial statement of the firm and to provide reasonable assurance. The auditing report and fee reflects the changes in the process of audit. In this study, it is also found that audit fee has increased after the global financial crisis as the auditors efforts also increased in significant manner. On the other hand, Carson et al., (2012) state that going-concern opinions of auditor played critical role in causing financial crisis. By reviewing financial statements fairness at the reasonable level, auditors provide opinions regarding going-concern of firm. Auditor opinions set expectations among investors for the stock value and return. Compensation structure, auditor size and auditor-client relationship are important factors that influence an auditors going-concern opinions for a firm. In this way, this study depicts that the auditors are liable for giving right judgment regarding the going-concern of firm. Dart (2011) found in his investigation that auditors economic dependency and non-audit service create threat for the auditors independence. Auditors provide audit and non-audit services jointly to the client that causes more threat for the independency. It is also determined in this research that auditors economically depends on the firm and this also has potential to influence their opinions for the firms financial statements. Although, long term relationship among client and auditor affect the independency of auditors but the above stated factors causes great impact. Investors perceives that auditors independency may affect the audit quality and consequently consequences for them. Tepalagul and Lin (2016) also highlight the relationship between auditor independence and audit quality on the basis of articles which were published from 1976-2013. There are mainly four sources are determined that have great impact on the independence of auditors such as client-auditor affiliation, significance of client, working period and non-audit provisions are identified in this research as major areas of limiting the independence of the auditor for presenting fair opinions regarding the fairness of financial statement. The independence of auditors affects quality of audit at the greater extent and due to this global financial crisis is responsible for enhancing liability of auditing firms for the maintenance of auditing. The silence of auditors at the time of global financial crisis caused changes in the liabilities of auditors. In accordance to Mala and Chand (2012), International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) issued an audit alert and depicted responsibilities of auditors in terms of applying Fair Value Accounting (FVA) practices. They became more accountable to acknowledge rule of FVA and to disclose them properly. Auditors liability to understand accounting practices and their proper disclosure became more complex after the global financial crisis. Rotta (2010) stated that lack of ethics is also closely related to the role of auditors during the financial crisis. The profession of auditors was insufficient to understand ethical responsibilities towards the stakeholders. Ethics has close connection with the quality of audit and consequently the financial downturn. In auditing professional, the inclusion of ethical rules and standards becomes highly importance after the collapse of major financial institution during global financial crisis. On the basis of above literature review, it can be stated that auditor failed to reflect the actual condition of firms financial condition and this caused raised concerns for their ability to perform audit functions. After the financial crisis, liabilities of auditors extended through the application of range of regulation and ethical principles within this profession. Application Financial crisis made auditors more liable to access the declaration in concern of the stated accounts. They need to assess an organizations approach of valuing the asset and liabilities completely. Due to this, auditors become responsible to examine the approach of organization to value their assets. Through this, auditors can detect the misstated financial values in the accounting statements and to prevent fraud (Laux and Leuz, 2010). After economic crisis, auditors duties and responsibilities in terms of reviewing the financial statements is likely to become highly complex and broad. An accounting firm may need to improve practices of valuing assets of the organization, which auditing financial statement. The global financial crisis raised concerns for auditors independence. They become ethically responsible for ensuring objectivity and independence in the reviewing the financial statement of firms. Ethical issues for auditors mainly occur when they provide audit and non-audit services to a client. It creates relationship between auditor and firm that affects their ability to audit the financial statements and accounts independently (ACCA, 2011). Auditing fee is considered as important factor to raise concerns for the auditor after the financial crisis. Huge amount of fee was provided by the firms to the auditors for giving consultancy services that played critical role in creating ethical issues for the profession of audit. The audit fee affects independency of auditors in maintaining transparency and objectivity (Pl, 2011). The auditor independency factors have potential to make auditors and accounting firms more liable to follow ethical standard in providing audit and non-audit ser vices to the client. The relationship of auditors fee and audit quality has potential to create liability for disclosing remuneration. Auditors become liable to disclose the information regarding remuneration and other perks and benefits receive from a client for their services. They also need to mention the type of non-audit services offered to client and corresponding fee. Through this, auditors are liable to declare their independency within auditing of financial accounts of firms (ACCA, 2011). On the other hand, global financial crisis made auditors ethically responsible to make required disclosure for non-audit services. Auditors became responsible for framing, implementing and disclosing audit committees policy in regard to the offered non-auditing services for ensuring transparency (ACCA, 2011). Due to this, accounting firm may experience increase in liabilities towards client, public and investors. Internal audit is a major area in which liability of auditors has changed significantly after the global financial crisis. Auditors became liable to examine the application informed management practices and safeguards for ensuring reporting of accurate financial data about firms operations. Without ensuring this, they are prohibited to examine the accounts of a firm. Auditors are ethically responsible to examine the arrangements of internal control within an organization (Healy and Palepu, 2012). By gaining satisfaction for internal control arrangements, auditing firm can serve to the client. It is critical for an accounting firm to ensure accomplishment of this liability for preventing legal claims. In the global financial crisis, auditors silence and negligence increased ethical responsibilities towards the public. Professional competence and due care and professional behavior becomes major principle for the auditing service. These principles made auditors ethically liable for ensuring maintenance of professional competence in auditing the financial statement of a firm. They become responsible for behaving more professionally by taking reasonable steps to reduce audit risk (Gramling et al., 2012). Auditors are liable to take reasonable actions and steps for indentifying and accessing risk of financial misstatement, obtaining required audit evidences, providing fair opinion about the accuracy of firms financial statement. The role of auditors in the global financial crisis increased ethical liabilities of auditing firms (ACCA, 2011). These have significant potential to increase liability of auditors in an accounting firm. Auditor independence before the global financial crisis was limited due to their multidisciplinary practices including tax practices, consultation and legal advisor. This caused development of familiar relationship between client and auditors that limits their independency. Due to this, auditors become responsible for establishing a supervisory board for examining and ensuing auditors independence throughout the process of auditing (Du Plessis et al., 2010). Similarly, professional skepticism and professional judgment are two aspects included in the auditors responsibility. It makes an auditors liable to exercise relevant training, knowledge and skills to make informed decisions and actions in regard to the auditing firm. Similarly, auditors are also ethically responsible to have an attitude of questioning the accounting practices and reporting. It makes them liable to being alert for the conditions that may raise the possibilities of material manipulation in the financial statement (Adelopo, 2016). In this way, auditors liability becomes broad in terms of planning and providing audit services to the firms. Auditors became liable to address the needs of public in terms of providing opinion for the audited financial statement of a firm. They are required to collect sufficient evidences for proving the accuracy of their opinions and consequently financial statements. Through this, they need to ensure that enough evidences are presented by them to ensure independence in auditing process (Rapoport, 2011). The auditors of accounting firms are liable to provide evidence-based opinions for the firms operations and financial statement. Additionally, global financial crisis also placed liabilities for auditors in disclosing discussion between the client and auditing firm to make the auditing process valuable from the perspective of stakeholder. Auditors responsibilities are to present clear and precise statement about business model and potential risks, going-concern opinion and capital structure. Through this, auditors inform the stakeholders and other concerned parties about the fairness in reporting financial accounts (Kennedys, 2011). Auditors in accounting firm may face these liabilities in auditing process as the result of the financial downturn. Recommendation On the basis of above discussed literature for the impact of global financial crisis on the liabilities of auditors, it is determined that an accounting firm becomes responsible for fulfilling ethical and legal responsibilities, while auditing the financial statement of a firm. They need to ensure independency and reasonable assurance for their opinions for a firms financial conditions. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), International Federation of Accountants (IFA) and International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) are some key global accounting and regulatory bodies that are accountable to regulate the auditing firm by defining roles, responsibilities, duties and rights of the auditing firms (Adelopo, 2016). These bodies aim to regulate the auditors practices and to ensure adherence of professionalism throughout auditing process for ensuring objectivity, integrity and independence. By following the guidelines of these professional bodies, an accounting firm can fulfill its extended liabilities towards the stakeholders. This could be useful for firm to take required steps to improve the quality of auditing process. For managing audit quality, an accounting firm can follow the below framework, which is provided by IAASB to ensure auditors independency and integrity: (IFAC, 2013) On the basis of above framework, accounting firms needs to develop an environment for ensuring improvement in the quality of auditing. This framework indicates that an accounting firm should understand the interrelationship between input, output and process to develop a culture of produce quality audit. Input and process elements include personnel training and education, methods, standards and practices. Output can be improved by understanding stakeholders perception about audit quality as it would help an accounting firm to address the concerns of financial statement users, while providing auditing services (IFAC, 2013). It may improve the audit report value for the users. Conclusion The above framework also indicates importance of contextual factors in improving the quality of audit. Corporate governance, regulatory environment, cultural values and information systems some contextual factors should be considered by an accounting firm to improve quality of audit. These factors influence quality of audit either in direct or indirect way. Thus, IAASBs audit quality framework would be effective to include all concerned parties of the financial auditing process from the auditors to client, regulators and users (IFAC, 2013). These are ultimately for improving the quality audit and their inclusion could auditors to provide opinions independently. In the words of Al-Khaddash et al. (2013), litigation environment and regulatory framework can be used by accounting firm to improve the quality of audit as it provides a legitimate framework to determine financial reporting requirements of the firms in accordance to their operations, nature and size. This could allow an accounting firm to audit process more effectively and to provide fair opinion to the users. On the other hand, Knechel et al., (2012) state that the impact of auditors expertise and knowledge on the quality of audit process and consequently. By focusing on educating auditors about their emerging roles, responsibilities, duties and ethical liabilities in auditing process, an accounting firm can be effectively reduce the possibilities of any faults in the process of auditing and consequently causes of financial crisis in global economy. Additionally, Sweeney et al., (2010) state that ethical values of auditors have potential to influence the quality of audit report and opinion. Weak ethics may allow auditors to provide importance to personal benefit over utmost people. In such cases, auditor may flaw the process of auditing. Due to this, accounting firm can improve the quality of audit by encouraging auditors to maintain ethics of audit profession, while auditing clients financial statement. This may help to reduce the scope of faulty audit report. References Adelopo, I., (2016)Auditor Independence: Auditing, Corporate Governance and Market Confidence. Routledge. Al-Khaddash, H., Al Nawas, R. and Ramadan, A. (2013) Factors affecting the quality of auditing: The case of Jordanian commercial banks.International Journal of Business and Social Science,4(11). Andenas, M. and Chiu, I.H. (2013) The foundations and future of financial regulation: Governance for responsibility. UK: Routledge. Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) (2011) APB Tightens Ethical Standards. [Online]. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/pk/en/technical-activities/technical-resources-search/2011/july/apb-tightens-standards.html (Accessed: 14 September 2016). Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) (2011) Audit reform: aligning risk with responsibility. [Online]. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-technical/audit-publications/tech-af-arar.pdf (Accessed: 14 September 2016). Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) (2011) Audit under fire: a review of the post-financial crisis inquiries. [Online]. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-technical/audit-publications/pol-af-auf.pdf (Accessed: 14 September 2016). Carson, E., Fargher, N.L., Geiger, M.A., Lennox, C.S., Raghunandan, K. and Willekens, M. (2012) Audit reporting for going-concern uncertainty: A research synthesis.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,32(sp1), pp.353-384. Dart, E. (2011) UK investors perceptions of auditor independence.The British Accounting Review,43(3), pp.173-185. Du Plessis, J.J., Hargovan, A. and Bagaric, M. (2010)Principles of contemporary corporate governance. Cambridge University Press. Gramling, A.A., Johnstone, K.M. and Rittenberg, L.E. (2012)Auditing. USA: Cengage Learning. Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G. (2012) Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. USA: Cengage Learning. International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) (2010) International Standard On Auditing 200. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ifac.org/system/files/downloads/a008-2010-iaasb-handbook-isa-200.pdf (Accessed: 14 September 2016). Kennedys (2011) The Great Debate - the Future of Audit. [Online]. Available at: https://www.kennedyslaw.com/files/Uploads/Documents/CPAProtect_April2011.pdf (Accessed: 14 September 2016). Knechel, W. R., Krishnan, G. V., Pevzner, M., Shefchik, L. B., Velury, U. K. (2012) Audit quality: Insights from the academic literature.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,32(sp1), pp. 385-421. Laux, C. and Leuz, C. (2010) Did fair-value accounting contribute to the financial crisis?.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,24(1), pp.93-118. Mala, R. and Chand, P., (2012) Effect of the global financial crisis on accounting convergence.Accounting Finance,52(1), pp.21-46. Pl, T. (2010) The impact of the economic crisis on auditing.European Integration Studies,8(1), pp.131-142. 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Jesse Jaramillo-Camacho Essays - Music, African-American Culture

Jesse Jaramillo-Camacho PB #2 The Fox News commentary on Kendrick Lamar's 2015 BET performance and the analytical essay, "The Social Significance of Rap Hip-Hop Culture" by Becky Blanchard, are both on the topic of the effects of rap and Hip-Hop on the youth. They differ in genre, message, style, and content. The analytical essay takes a more positive stance on rap and Hip-Hop, whereas the Fox News commentary takes a much more negative stance. The purpose of the Fox News commentary is to demonize and blame rap and Hip-Hop for delinquency in youth. They do this by making vague statements and limiting context. In the beginning of the segment , they show a clip of the performance with Kendrick Lamar rapping on a vandalized cop car and highlight the lyrics "We hate po po , wanna kill us dead in the street for sure..." and "My gun might blow" There are lyrics around those words but they highlight ed those to portray the rapper as anti-cop and pro crime . Geraldo Rivera's comment, "This is why I say that Hip-Hop has done more damage to young African-Americans than racism in recent years." serves to diminish the racism that the Africa n-American community faces and paint Hip-Hop as detrimental . The Fox News commentary's purpose is to accuse rap and Hip-Hop of being detrimental to youth, disrespectful to law, and causing damage in the African-American community. The purpose of the analytical essay is to provide analysis and context around the argument of rap and Hip-Hop. With analysis and evidence, the overall message of the essay is positive, unlike the Fox News commentary. We can see the purpose in the closing statements, "despite the blame placed on rap for the prominence of violence in American society, hip-hop music is a symptom of cultural violence, not the cause. [] it is necessary to look at it as the product of a set of historical, political, and economic circumstances and to study the role it has served as voice for those subjugated by systematic political and economic oppression . " The author tells us to dig-deeper and analyze before we criticize r ap and Hip-Hop. The purpose of the text is to provide analysis and historical background to the arguments surrounding rap and Hip-Hop. Fox News knows their audience. Usually the people that watch Fox News are older white conservatives. This demographic does not listen to Hip-Hop. Most of these people believe Hip-Hop and rap are corrupting forces that turn African-Americans into thugs. The Fox News commentary plays to their audience. They feed them more evidence and reason to demonize the music and say that it's actually rap and Hip-Hop that stunts the African-American community instead of the true factors. As a company, Fox News needs to make money, they do this be creating loyal viewers. They create loyal viewers by giving them a platform for similar views and opinions. The audience of the analytical essay is college students. We can guess this because the article was on the site Stanfor.edu. College students are usually young liberal intellectuals that need evidence and a good argument before believing anything. College students are the listeners of rap Hip-Hop, and the article plays to that. The mostly positive message is an argument that college students can support. The use of massive historical context and thorough analysis is a solid argument that will satisfy any college student who was undecided on the topic. In the analytical essay, Becky Blanchard structures the text into many paragraphs that discuss different pieces of evidence. She mainly uses historical context to make her argument. The historical context is extremely effective in proving her point. Not only does she use rap and Hip-Hop history as evidence, she also uses the culture of African-Americans from slavery to modern America to show the effects that they had on the music. The choice to use this type of evidence allows the reader to picture the broad scape and broad influence African-American culture has had on rap and Hip-Hop. In the Fox News report, the commentators make their arguments in a somewhat structured manner. They each take turns speaking their opinion. The first line of the